Johnny Pacheco & Celia Cruz - Eternos (1978)

Johnny Pacheco:
Johnny Pacheco was a renaissance man and giant of Latin music. The Dominican-born and New York-bred bandleader, arranger, composer, and producer co-founded the legendary Fania Records in the early 1960s with lawyer Jerry Masucci. Together they created a home for groundbreaking Latin artists in the U.S., including Celia Cruz, Hector Lavoe, Ray Barretto, Willie Colón, and Larry Harlow. First in New York, then across the United States, the Caribbean, and South America, Fania propelled the explosion of the Latin big-band, Afro-Cuban jazz, bugalu, and salsa movements (Pacheco coined and popularized the term "salsa"). Before Fania, Pacheco, a fine sax, flute, accordion player, and world-class percussionist, was already a Latin music star: His 1960 debut album, Pacheco y Su Charanga on Alegre, sold more than 100,000 copies. His conjunto band, Pacheco y Su Nuevo Tumbao released Fania's first album, Cañonazo, which introduced the iconic, gravelly voice of Pete "El Conde" Rodriguez. In the late 1960s, Pacheco formed the Fania All-Stars, a revue-style group that showcased his label's best talent. Between 1971 and 1990, Pacheco y su Nuevo Tumbao cut more than a dozen albums while Pacheco recorded many solo and collaborative outings, including the best-sellers Celia & Johnny in 1974, Llegó Melón in 1977, and Champ in 1980. He issued ¡Sima!, his final album for Fania, in 1993. The Latin Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences awarded Pacheco a Lifetime Achievement Award at that year's Latin Grammy ceremony.

Juan Azarías Pacheco Knipping was born in the Dominican Republic in 1935. His father, Rafael Azarías Pacheco, was a well-known bandleader and recording artist. As a child Pacheco began playing percussion instruments, but by the time his family emigrated to New York in 1946, he was already acquainted with accordion, violin, flute, saxophone, and clarinet; he excelled on the latter three in the years to come. He played in the orchestra and school band while attending Brooklyn Technical High School, where he studied electrical engineering. After graduation he tried to make a go of it in the field, but was discouraged by low wages. Pacheco never got the music bug out of his system, though, and attended Julliard for a time to study percussion while already playing in several bands. In 1954, he formed the Chuchulucos Boys with Eddie Palmieri and other future figures of renown in the New York salsa scene, but Pacheco was also gigging with Tito Puente and Xavier Cugat.

In 1958, Pacheco met Charlie Palmieri and joined his band as a percussionist for the seminal album Easy Does It. The pair formed a new charanga band called La Duboney, with Pacheco featured up front on the flute. But it was short-lived; after issuing the album Let's Dance the Charanga in 1959, Pacheco left to form Pacheco y Su Charanga. The new group issued its own independent single, "El Güiro de Macorina"/"Óyeme Mulata" in 1960, which got airplay in New York City. They signed to Alegre and released their self-titled debut that year; it sold more than 100,000 copies. All told, there would be five numbered volumes by Pacheco y Su Charanga and a pair of reunion outings with Palmieri, including the hit Las Charangas. Pacheco left Alegre in 1963.

Late that year he met lawyer and former New York police officer Jerry Masucci. Both were Latin music aficionados and enthusiasts with an ear for New York talent. They formed Fania in 1964. Pacheco's role was multi-dimensional: He served as VP, A&R, creative director, and record producer. He assembled the conjunto group Pacheco y Su Nuevo Tumbao, substituting the Cuban format of trumpets, rhythm section, and voices for charanga violins. He hired Pete "El Conde" Rodriguez for his rough, soulful voice and they cut Fania's first album, Cañonazo. Though Pacheco and Rodriguez remained close, he hired singer Monguito el Único for two of his next three albums including the well-known Pacheco Te Invita a Bailar. In 1965, he cut Pacheco, His Flute and Latin Jam, a steamy, all-instrumental set modeled after the Cuban descarga jam sessions of the previous decade. The set took off and Pacheco's band toured the Americas, Europe, and Africa. In 1966, he and vocalist Monguito cut Viva Africa in homage to the tour. Pacheco moved back and forth between the two singers. He released Sabor Típico with Rodriguez, followed immediately with Pacheco Presents Monguito, the singer's leader debut. In 1968, Pacheco recorded Latin Piper, an instrumental meld of bugalu, conjunto, and proto-salsa and followed it with Volando Bajito featuring Rodriguez. During the '60s, Pacheco also found work as a sideman with jazz and pop musicians. He started with McCoy Tyner on Tyner Plays Ellington in 1964 and eventually worked alongside Johnny Lytle, George Benson, Les McCann, and Kenny Burrell during the late '60s.

While at Alegre, Pacheco took part in the label's live jam recording sessions and in 1966, he added the Tico All-Stars to his sessions. He was deeply enamored with the live album super-session concept and decided to record a Fania showcase outing modeled on the same format. Live at the Red Garter (1968), with pianist Larry Harlow, bassist Bobby Valentín, and conguero Ray Barretto marked the debut release by the ever-evolving Fania All-Stars. A chart success, it was followed by a second volume from the same gig in 1969. Together they became models for label showcases of the emerging New York salsa scene.

Between 1970 and 1973, Pacheco y Su Nuevo Tumbao cut three co-billed collaborative outings with Rodriguez: Los Compadres, Perfecta Combinación, and Tres de Café y Dos de Azúcar. They all charted. Pacheco's greatest concentration, however, was on the Fania All-Stars. The issued their second gig as Live at the Cheetah in two volumes in 1972, and in collaboration with director Leon Gast, Fania made a documentary film of the gig entitled Our Latin Thing, celebrating the emergent scene. Special appearances for the evening included Symphony Sid as MC and an expanded lineup featuring Cheo Feliciano, Yomo Toro, and Willie Colon, among others.

In 1974, Pacheco finally replaced El Conde (who was quite busy with a solo career) with Héctor Casanova and renamed his band Pacheco y Su Tumbao Añejo. But the Fania All-Stars remained his primary concern. They issued Latin-Soul-Rock in 1974, and two volumes of Live at Yankee Stadium in 1975. The latter was taken from a gig at the baseball venue that played host to some 45,000 attendees a few years earlier and featured the label's biggest lineup ever with the vocal talents of Cruz, Rodriguez, Ismael Miranda, and many others. While Harlow produced and recorded the sound, Pacheco directed the Fania All-Stars on-stage. That same year, Pacheco y Su Tumbao Añejo issued El Artiste. He continued into the '80s, issuing a series of collaborative albums featuring himself with some of the label's biggest stars, (1974's Celia & Johnny), while still concentrating on his own band and the Fania All-Stars. With Pacheco y Su Tumbao Añejo he released El Maestro in 1978 and Los Amigos with Casanova in 1979. In 1980, three of his star-studded collaborations were released including Celia/Johnny/Pete (with Cruz and Rodriguez), the Grammy-nominated Sabrosura with Monguito, and Las Tres Flautas with Jose Fajardo, and Pupi Legarreta. Between 1980 and 1989, he issued no less than ten of these collaborations including three with Rodriguez: Jicamo in 1985, the Latin Grammy-nominated Salsobita in 1987, and Celebracion in 1989. The Fania All-Stars continued gigging across the globe in various incarnations as well. In 1993, Pacheco released ¡Sima!, his final album for Fania. It featured Casanova and Cheo Quiñones on vocals and Charlie Sepulveda on trumpet. In 1994, Fania All-Stars released their final out, too, with Live in Puerto Rico.

In 1996, Pacheco received the Presidential Medal of Honor from the Dominican Republic, and in 1998 was among the first group of artists inducted into the International Latin Music Hall of Fame (ILMHF). In 2005, Bronco issued Entre Amigos with Dave and Bobby Valentin, trumpeter Arturo Sandoval, and vocalists Casanova, Feliciano, Gilberto Santa Rosa, Tito Rojas, and Adalberto Santiago. That year the Latin Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences presented Pacheco with a Lifetime Achievement Award at the Latin Grammy ceremony.

For the remainder of his life, Pacheco continued to perform while remaining a tireless global ambassador for Latin music. He passed in 2021 due to complications from pneumonia at the age of 85. Upon his death, singer and songwriter Ruben Blades, a life-long Pacheco disciple who made some of his most important recordings for Fania, claimed that the late musician had literally influenced "millions of salseros." ~ Thom Jurek

Celia Cruz:
Award-winning Cuban icon Celia Cruz was one of Latin music's most respected and influential vocalists. Nominated for almost two dozen Grammy and Latin Grammy Awards and winner of seven, Cruz, who sang exclusively in Spanish, received a Smithsonian Lifetime Achievement award, a National Medal of the Arts, and honorary doctorates from Yale University and the University of Miami. A street in Miami was even renamed in her honor, and Cruz's trademark orange, red, and white polka dot dress and shoes have been placed in the permanent collection of the Smithsonian Institute of Technology. The Hollywood Wax Museum includes a statue of the Cuba-born songstress. According to the European Jazz Network, Cruz "commands her realm with a down-to-earth dignity unmistakably vibrant in her wide smile and striking pose."

Born in Havana, in the humble neighborhood of Barrio Santos Suárez, Cruz was drawn to music from an early age. Her first pair of shoes was a gift from a tourist who was impressed by her singing. In addition to spending many evenings singing her younger siblings to sleep, Cruz sang in school productions and community gatherings. Taken to cabarets and nightclubs by an aunt, she was introduced to the world of professional music. At the encouragement of a cousin, Cruz began to enter and win local talent shows. Although her father attempted to guide her toward a career as a teacher, Cruz continued to be lured by music. In a 1997 interview, she said, "I have fulfilled my father's wish to be a teacher as, through my music, I teach generations of people about my culture and the happiness that is found in just living life. As a performer, I want people to feel their hearts sing and their spirits soar." Enrolling in Cuba's Conservatory of Music in 1947, Cruz found her earliest inspiration in the singing of Afro-Cuban vocalist Paulina Alvarez. Her first break came when she was invited to join the band la Sonora Matancera in 1950. The group was revered as the Latin equivalent of the Duke Ellington Orchestra. Cruz remained with the group for 15 years, touring throughout the world. She married the band's trumpet player Pedro Knight on July 14, 1962. With Fidel Castro's assuming control of Cuba in 1960, Cruz and Knight refused to return to their homeland and became citizens of the United States. Although they initially signed to perform with the orchestra of the Hollywood Palladium, Cruz and Knight eventually settled in New York. Knight became Cruz's manager in 1965, a position he held until the mid-'90s when he began to devote his attention to serving as her musical director and conductor of her band.

Leaving Sonora Matancera's band in 1965, Cruz launched her solo career with a band formed for her by Tito Puente. Releasing eight albums together, the pair created a legendary partnership that helped shape the salsa genre (later, in 1987, Cruz and Puente reunited for a special appearance at the Grammy Awards). Signed by Vaya, the sister label of Fania, Cruz recorded with Oscar D'Leon, Cheo Feliciano, and Hector Rodriquez in the mid- to late '60s. Cruz's first success since leaving Sonora Matancera came in 1974 when she recorded a duo album, Celia & Johnny, with Johnny Pacheco, trombone player and the co-owner of Fania. She subsequently began appearing with the Fania All Stars. Cruz's popularity reached its highest level when she appeared in the 1992 film The Mambo Kings. Cruz also appeared in the film The Perez Family. She sang a duet version of "Loco de Amor," with David Byrne, in the Jonathan Demme movie Something Wild. In 1998, Cruz released Duets, an album featuring her singing with Willie Colon, Angela Carrasco, Oscar D'Leon, Jose Alberto "El Canario," and la India. Cruz continued to record and perform until sidelined by a brain tumor in 2002. While recovering from surgery to remove the tumor, she managed to make it in to the studio in early 2003 to record the Grammy-winning Regalo de Alma. Her surgery was only partially successful and she died July 16, 2003. The passing of the "Queen of Salsa" left a huge gap in Latin music, but also a remarkable catalog to document her reign.

In 2024, the U.S. Treasury Department honored Cruz as the first Afro-Latina to appear on U.S. currency, placing her on a commemorative quarter. ~ Craig Harris